Quantum physics covers all areas of physics that require the application of the laws of quantum mechanics to understand related phenomena .
Quantum mechanics is the basic theory of the particles of matter that make up objects in the universe and the force fields that animate those objects. The framework of the laws of physics from the infinitely small to the infinitely large Quantum mechanics, in combination with special relativity, made it possible to construct a standard model of elementary particles from what is called quantum theory the fields. We are trying to unify the laws of quantum mechanics with the theory of general relativity. Quantum gravity theory is still a work in progress, but the two most promising attempts are string theory and loop quantum gravity theory . They enable quantum cosmology , which in turn is still evolving. Unlike standard models confirmed in experiments such as the discovery of W bosons and Brout -Englert-Higgs bosons , there is currently no evidence to support the theory of quantum gravity .
The theory behind quantum physics is very mathematical and conceptually very subtle. Even beyond the orthodox so-called Copenhagen interpretation, there is a wide range of physical interpretations of quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics provides amazing and less intuitive descriptions of particles, electrons, photons, etc. These are, in a way, waves that can be in two places at the same time or cross obstacles that are sometimes impassable (tunnel effect). ). At the heart of quantum physics is the mysterious probability amplitude of all physical processes. The value of the physical quantity is determined there when measuring the law of probability. Probability amplitude exhibits interference, diffraction , and other phenomena that resemble standing waves in vibrating strings and resonant cavities. They lead to the quantification of the energy of many physical systems, starting with atoms and electromagnetic fields. They limit the interpretation of the phenomenon in terms of classical waves or particles. For example, Heisenberg 's inequality does not allow electrons to be assigned a speed and a position at the same time.
From atoms to stars, still quantum physics Between the infinitely small world (elementary particles) and the infinitely large world (Big Bang and quantum cosmic theory ), quantum physics is developing in all areas of atoms, molecules, and of course of nuclear physics. Examples include quantum chemistry, quantum optics, and condensed matter physics. Therefore, the laws of quantum mechanics explain why atoms and molecules are stable and can not only emit and absorb light, but also bond together in chemical reactions. They describe not only surprising phenomena such as superconductivity and the superfluidity of helium, but also less exotic phenomena such as the ferromagnetism of magnets , the electrical conduction of metals and the presence of insulators. In addition, a whole zoo of new quantum excitations called quasiparticles could be introduced into solid-state physics. The best known are phonons, magnons and excitons.
Quantum mechanics further explains why and how the sun shines, as well as the synthesis reaction of helium and deuterium and the origin of the carbon nuclei in our body. By examining the 21 cm spectral lines of hydrogen, it is possible to understand the existence of white dwarfs and neutron stars, as well as the composition of stars in the galaxy and the structure of the Milky Way. Quantum Physics and Techniques After all, quantum physics is at the heart of modern technology. Because the behavior of lasers, masers, CCDs and electronic components of players and computers is based on this law. You can also mention the field of MRI, NMR-based techniques and electron microscopy. Within a few decades, the controlled fusion reactors that Iter could follow will use such superconducting magnets. It is possible that a major technological revolution has begun in the young field of quantum information and mythical quantum computers . There is even speculation about the role quantum mechanics plays in biology and neuroscience . Quantum physics is not a closed field. It contains paradoxes that are not yet fully understood, such as Schrödinger's cat paradox and the EPR effect, but understanding has improved significantly since the early 1980s.
